7001,000 killed (per Martin J. Dougherty), 315 killed and 812 wounded (including civilians) (Per. [42] According to U.N. officials, the attack killed 13 people, including several of Aidid's high-level commanders and those responsible for the 5 June attack on the Pakistanis. Within an hour of arrival, conventional USAF com-bat controllers began providing air traffic control and ground services at Mogadishu's all-but-aban-doned airport. While taking Blackburn back to base, Sergeant Dominick Pilla, assigned to one of the Humvees being pelted with heavy fire from the surrounding buildings, was killed instantly when a bullet struck his head, marking the first American death of the battle. Let's split up! The asset further reported that Aidid and other high-ranking figures would possibly be present. This operation, called Restore Hope, saw the U.S. assuming the unified command in accordance with Resolution 794. [80] A significant element of the volunteers consisted of seniors, women and children who utilized small arms. It was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia, between United States troops as part of a larger United Nations peacekeeping mission, and Somali militiamen loyal to Somali General Mohamed Farrah Aidid. [9][10][11], On 3 October 1993, U.S. forces planned to seize two of Aidid's high-ranking lieutenants during a meeting deep in the city. Somali soldiers, part of an elite combat . The pilot steadied the controls in his left hand and fired a machine gun with his right, while the copilot dashed into the alley and helped the two Delta snipers, one of them mortally wounded, into the back of their helicopter. [74] Seeking shelter from the kill zone and a place to safeguard their wounded, the Americans had occupied four houses on Freedom Road, detaining about 20 Somalis who lived there. The UNITAF's mission was strictly He would argue that Task Force Ranger had met their objectivecapturing the targets of value. 1st Class Randall D. Shughar t, 35, of Newville, Pennsylvania who had been listed as missing and unaccounted for in the attack,. [74], Remarkably, many of the volunteers during the Battle of Mogadishu came from rival clans, to the extent where members of the Abgal and Habar Gidr clans, who had destroyed large swathes of Mogadishu fighting each other only a few months earlier, fought side by side against UNOSOM forces. Even commonly. [90], About 40 minutes after the assault began, one of the Black Hawks, Super 61, piloted by CW3 Cliff "Elvis" Wolcott, was struck by an RPG-7 which sent the helicopter into an uncontrollable spin. [158], The American Heroes Channel television series, Black Ops, aired an episode titled "The Real Black Hawk Down" in June 2014. Interview With Osama Bin Laden (in May 1998) | Hunting Bin Laden | FRONTLINE", "Shabaab leader recounts al Qaeda's role in Somalia in the 1990s", "Keni Thomas Recounts Life Lessons in New Book, 'Get It On! It marked the end of a U.S.-led military intervention in Somalia, which had begun in 1992. [15][74] With Durant now in his possession as hostage, Aidid later claimed in interview with journalists to have ordered a corridor to be opened up for the Americans as dawn broke. 1st Class Randall Shughart and Master Sgt. [61] The attack had not been the first time that September that Somali militia had managed to hit helicopters with RPG fire, but it was the first time they had used the tactic to take one down and the event was a propaganda victory for the SNA. Delta operators Sgt. Black Hawk pilot Michael Durant told his story of being shot down and captured by a mob of Somalis in his 2003 book In the Company of Heroes. The battle was part of the broader Somali Civil War that had begun in 1991. On December 9, U.S. Marine and Navy elements moved into Mogadishu unopposed. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again. [23], Later that year severe fighting broke out in Mogadishu between Mahdi and Aidid, which continued in the following months and spread throughout the country, resulting in over 20,000 casualties by the end of 1991. [141], Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda organization has been alleged to have been involved in the training and funding of Aidid's men. [98] Three months later all Somali prisoners in U.N. custody were released including Aidid's lieutenants Omar Salad Elmi and Mohamed Hassan Awale, who had been the targets of the 3 October raid. [74][77], Despite the substantial array of heavier weaponry in its stockpiles, none were utilized during the October 34 battle. [citation needed], On 4 February 1994, the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 897, which set a process for completing the UNOSOM II mission by March 1995, with the withdrawal of U.N. troops from Somalia at that time. Chief Warrant Officer 3 Michael Durant, one of the Black Hawk pilots, was captured. [36], According to the Red Cross, there were 215 Somalis casualties, though they were only able to survey the dead and injured in the aftermath of the attack at only two of the hospitals in Mogadishu. contingent. [132] A few hundred U.S. Marines remained offshore to assist with any noncombatant evacuation mission that might occur regarding the 1,000-plus U.S. civilians and military advisers remaining as part of the U.S. liaison mission. Jones and Maier evacuated Busch and Smith. [96] He would further point to the July 12, 1993, Abdi House Raid that had first led the SNA to begin target U.S. soldiers saying, "Wouldn't you be very sorry about 73 of our elder men, of our religious leaders, of our most prominent people, having their bodies mutilatedwe collected parts of their bodies from the building in which they were attackedif you were a son of one of those people killed on that day, what would be your situation, how would you feel? On 6 March 1995, all of the remaining U.N. troops were withdrawn, ending UNOSOM II. The battle was over by 06:30 on Monday, 4 October. [80] Super 68 was able to survive the hit and quickly limped back to base. Both units were under the mistaken impression that they were to be first contacted by the other. Mohamed Farrah Aidid It was fought on 3-4 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States supported by UNOSOM II against the forces of the Somali National Alliance (SNA) and armed irregular citizens of south Mogadishu. "[64], The Somali National Alliance (SNA) was formed in June 1992, following a successful defence by many factions against an offensive by Somali dictator Siad Barres, in his attempt to retake Mogadishu. 2534 This Battle Will Be Brilliant. [23][26], Operation Provide Relief began in August 1992, when U.S. President George H. W. Bush announced that U.S. military transports would support the multinational U.N. relief effort in Somalia. The battle erupted as part of Operation Gothic Serpent, a campaign in Mogadishu, Somalia, led by Army Special Operations Forces from August to October 1993. [80], The CSAR team found both the pilots dead and two wounded inside the crashed helicopter. Before the assault was carried out an SNA officer came to Col. Giumale with the relatives of the Somalis detained in the homes and warned that there were women and children present in the building. Not long into the mission, two MH-60 Black Hawk helicopters were shot down by armed militants. [46][47][78] According to a witness account from American journalist Scott Peterson, in the days preceding the battle, renewed Somali anger against UNOSOM troops had been building following an incident where American mortar crews had fired shells into the dense neighborhoods surrounding their baseresulting in the death of family of 8 and injuring 34, enraging the citizens of South Mogadishu. [13][74] Many volunteers would not actually partake in combat, but instead operated as reconnaissance or runners for SNA troops. [27][48] The footage recorded of the incident by a Somali cameraman was considered so disturbing that CNN deemed it too graphic to show on air to the American public. [80], At 6:40p.m., Col. Sharif Hassan Giumale, in charge of managing the majority of the Somali forces on the ground, received written instruction from Aidid to repel any reinforcements and take all measures necessary to prevent the Americans from escaping. [84], The Somali National Alliance had divided South Mogadishu into 18 military sectors, each with its own field officer on alert at all times and a radio network linking them together. The history of the. [38] In the last few panicked minutes of the battle, with the convoy operating in a long column with staggered stops and starts, some vehicles ended up making a dash to the stadium, accidentally leaving behind soldiers and forcing them to trek on foot. A raid that was meant to take less than an hour turned into a harrowing, 15-hour long running battle. [80] Both pilots were killed in the resulting crash and two of the crew were severely wounded. [74][93], Back at the first crash site, about 90 Rangers and Delta Force operators found themselves under heavy Somali fire. On the beach near the base, a memorial was held for those who were killed in combat. The raid was only intended to last an hour, but morphed into an overnight standoff and rescue operation extending into the daylight hours of the next day. : What It Means to Lead the Way. Seven months after the deployment of U.S. troops to Somalia, on 5 June 1993, the U.N. suffered its worst loss of its peacekeepers in decades when the Pakistani contingent was attacked while inspecting an SNA weapons storage site. [109], Though the Pentagon initially reported the five American soldiers had been killed, in all, 19 U.S. soldiers were killed in action during the battle, and another 73 were wounded in action. The Somalis, by and large, were using automatic rifles and grenade launchers and it was a very nasty fight, as intense as almost any battle you would find. [15] To the Habr Gidr, including the former moderates and even other clans that had opposed them during the civil war, the raid marked the beginning of war with the American contingent, which would culminate in the Battle of Mogadishu three months later. Nr. "[139], Clinton's remarks would suggest the U.S. was not deterred from pursuing their humanitarian goals because of the loss of U.S. forces during the battle. Some scholars believe that it was a major factor that influenced the Clinton administration's decision not to intervene in the Rwandan genocide, and it has commonly been referred to as "Somalia Syndrome". After 10 minutes of Super 62 giving fire support to the Delta snipers, an RPG slammed into the cockpit, ripping straight through the engine and knocking the copilot unconscious. [93] For their actions, MSG Gordon and SFC Shughart were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor, the first awarded since the Vietnam War. They contended that anti-mortar radar and Little Bird helicopters would have likely destroyed any mortar position after only firing one or two rounds. [81][82], Special operations forces consisting of Bravo Company 3rd Battalion, the 75th Ranger Regiment, the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta, and the 160th Aviation Battalion, would be sent to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Mohamed Hassan Awale. The pilot and co-pilot survived, but three crew members were killed. The fight involved units from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, the 75th Ranger Regiment, the Army's Special Operations Command, and the 10th Mountain Division. The Battle of Mogadishu is one of the most infamous and controversial engagements in modern U.S. military history. "[90] The militia fighters, in organized squads, quickly began to fan in and out of nearby buildings, alleys and trees to avoid the Little Bird helicopters converging to cover the wreck of Super 61. Usually all you saw of a shooter was the barrel of his weapon and his head. Aidid would later send a dispatch agreeing with Giumales decision to halt the mortars, as he did not want the local civilian population to turn against the SNA. David L. Grange: Former Commanding Officer of 75th Ranger Regiment from 1991 to 1993. [40] Regardless of the meetings true intent, the attack is generally considered as the most significant of the many incidents that occurred in 1993 that caused many Somalis to turn against UNOSOM II, especially the U.S. [137][138], On 26 September 2006, in an interview on Fox News with Chris Wallace, former President Bill Clinton gave his version of events surrounding the mission in Somalia. A desperate defense of the two downed helicopters began and fighting lasted through the night to defend the survivors of the crashes. soldier". The Battle of Mogadishu (Somali: Maalintii Rangers, lit. HELICOPTER ASSAULT IN SOMALIA TARGETED AIDEED'S TOP COMMANDERS", "United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview: The United States Army in Somalia, 19921994", United States Army Center of Military History, "U.N. REPORT CRITICIZES MILITARY TACTICS OF SOMALIA PEACE KEEPERS", "A little-known massacre explains Somalian hatred", "Hoover Institution - Policy Review - African Atrocities and the "Rest of the World", "African Atrocities and the Rest of the World", "4 U.S. The US Army upgraded the awards of 60 special operators who were involved in Operation Gothic Serpent, specifically the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, a fight commonly known as the "Black Hawk Down . [150], In 2011, Staff Sergeant Keni Thomas, a U.S. Army Ranger recounted the combat experience in a memoir titled Get It On! [14] The irregulars often complicated the situation on the ground for SNA commanders, as they were not controllable and often got in the way by demanding ammunition and burdening the militia's medical evacuation system. An MH-6, Star 41, piloted by CW3 Karl Maier and CW5 Keith Jones, landed nearby. Like the book, the film describes events surrounding the operation, but there are differences between the book and the film, such as Rangers marking targets at night by throwing strobe lights at them, when in reality the Rangers marked their own positions and close air support targeted everything else. U.S. forces had entered Somalia to protect the distribution of food aid, which was being hampered by local warlords. [99] General Garrison had noted before the Battle of Mogadishu that if a serious firefight was had with the SNA, "we'll win the gunfight, but we might lose the war. If people had left it to the militia and the officers, it would have been no problem. Soldiers with the 10th Mountain Division in Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993. In the end, 19 American soldiers were killed, including six Delta Force operators, and 73 were wounded. [146] Al-Qaeda defector Jamal al-Fadl also claimed that the group had trained the men responsible for shooting down the U.S. Michael Durant's helicopter over Mogadishu. Soldiers Killed in Somalia: Africa: Clinton pledges 'appropriate action.' [53][54], Two weeks later another bomb injured seven more. He reappointed Ambassador Robert B. Oakley as special envoy to Somalia in an attempt to broker a peace settlement and then announced that all U.S. forces would withdraw from Somalia no later than 31 March 1994. "The auction starts at 11 pm. While the goal of the operation was achieved, it was a pyrrhic victory and spiraled into the deadly Battle of Mogadishu. [75] According to Washington Post reporter Rick Atkinson, the majority of U.S. commanders in Mogadishu had underestimated the number of rocket-propelled grenades available to the SNA, and misjudged the threat they posed to helicopters. [74] The SNA had an excellent grasp of the area around the Olympic Hotel, as it was their home turf, and had created an effective mobilization system that allowed commanders to quickly mass troops within 30 minutes into any area of South Mogadishu . [28][72], The size and organizational structure of the Somali militia forces involved in the battle are not known in detail. [15] Due to constant ambushes and incessant Somali resistance, it would take an additional nine hours for the QRF ground forces to eventually reach the besieged troops. [163] The exhibit features immersive dioramas and artifacts from the battle including the wreckage of Super 61, the first Black Hawk helicopter shot down during the battle, and Super 64. [15], While the U.S. forces waiting for relief held their position in the homes, AH-6 Little Birds, working in pairs and flying all night long, constantly strafed and pushed back the creeping forces of militia and have consequently been credited with keeping besieged Americans alive until dawn. The president of the organization, Rony Brauman would declare that, "For the first time in Somalia there has been a killing under the flag of humanitarianism." [129], Lance Corporal Mat Aznan Awang was a 33-year-old soldier of the 19th Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment of the Malaysian Army (posthumously promoted to Corporal). Casper was the 10th Mountain Division's Falcon Brigade and QRF Commander during the TF Ranger rescue effort. [74][80], After the battle, the bodies of several of the conflict's U.S. casualties (Black Hawk Super 64's crewmembers and their defenders, Delta Force soldiers MSG Gordon and SFC Shughart) were dragged through Mogadishu's streets by a large crowd of Somalis. Fast-roping was deemed necessary for the raid as the Black Hawks had no suitable landing zone to deploy troops. [57], A week before the Battle of Mogadishu, at 2:00 a.m. on 25 September 1993, the SNA used an RPG to shoot down a Black Hawk (callsign Courage 53) while it was on patrol. [4], Somali civilians suffered heavy casualties due to the dense urban character of the portion of Mogadishu that fighting took place in. The Rangers would then create a four-corner defensive perimeter around the target building to isolate it and ensure that no enemy could get in or out. [37][41] Mark Bowden would note that every eyewitness he interviewed placed the number of dead at 70 or more and that former ambassador and U.S. special envoy to Somalia Robert B. Oakley accepted this figure. [26], On 3 March 1993, U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali submitted to the U.N. Security Council his recommendations for effecting the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II. SNA forces were primarily equipped with light infantry weaponry, like the AK-47 assault rifle. This has been commonly referred to as the "Mogadishu Mile". The film depicts the Rangers, Delta operators, 160th SOAR pilots, and Air Force Pararescuemen that made up the ill-fated Task Force Ranger. [15] Groups of SNA platoons arriving from other parts of South Mogadishu would quickly begin splintering into a half-dozen squads of about six or seven men. [110][111], One Pakistani soldier was killed and 10 disappeared during the rescue attempt and assault. A campaign in the Horn of Africa is now the most active element in the "forever wars" the United States has waged since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. Four Ranger chalks under Captain Michael D. Steele's command would fast-rope down from hovering MH-60L Black Hawks. Meanwhile, Task Force Ranger's "Little Birds" continued their defense of Super 61's downed crew and rescuers. [108], At the time the battle was the deadliest fight involving U.S. troops since the Vietnam War. [156][157], The True Story of Black Hawk Down (2003) is a TV documentary which premired on The History Channel. This situation would be further exacerbated by the hijacking of aid convoys and supplies. The intervention culminated in the so-called Battle of Mogadishu on October 3-4, 1993, in which 18 U.S. soldiers and hundreds of Somali militia fighters and civilians . Busch later died of his injuries, having been shot four times while defending the crash site. [23][29], At the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, held on 15 March 1993, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, all fifteen Somali parties agreed to the terms set out to restore peace and democracy. To that end, the Security Council authorized UNOSOM II to establish a secure environment throughout Somalia, to achieve national reconciliation so as to create a democratic state. Readers will also be provided first-hand accounts of some of the most relevant urban battles in modern historythe 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, the 2004 Second Battle of Fallujah in Iraqplus the 2020 Battle of Shusha in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, and moreto illuminate tren. [106] According to American war correspondent Scott Peterson, approximately a third of all the Somali casualties were women and children. It's 8.31 pm now. [155], The American series PBS Frontline aired a documentary titled Ambush in Mogadishu in 1998. The facilities operated by British firm SKA International Group, headed by the UAE-based former British soldier Mike Douglas, and proposed by RS Logistical Solutions did not suit the company. On October 3 and 4, 1993, U.S. forces set out on a snatch-and-grab mission to arrest two of Aidid's lieutenants. Eleven months later, Falcon Brigade, under Casper's leadership, launched Army forces from the Navy aircraft carrier Eisenhower onto the shores of Haiti in an operation to reinstate Haitian President Aristide. "[32], What transpired after would mark a seminal moment in the UNOSOM II operation. The soldiers, vehicle convoys, and helicopters were on stand by at Mogadishu International Airport until the code word "Irene" was called across all the radio channels by command, signaling the commencement of the operation. The city's two main hospitals reported that 23 Somalis had been killed and that more than 100 had been wounded. July 2, 2021. [15][36][37][39] According to Peterson, the gathering had been publicized in newspapers the day before the attack as a peace gathering, but according to Admiral Jonathan Howe, "The meeting of clan elders seeking peaceful solutions was several blocks away [from the Abdi house meeting]. [70][71], Though Mohamed Farah Aidid had hours earlier given the order to Colonel Sharif Hassan Giumale to prevent the escape of any American soldiers, he had begun to become increasingly concerned with the mounting Somali death toll and the prospect of a severe and endless cycle of retaliation if the remaining U.S. troops holding out were killed by his militia. [80] 10 minutes later, the roads surrounding the Olympic Hotel were covered with militia and nearly sealed. This battle provides several examples of poor planning and failures in executing mission command (MC) which can be lessons learned by U.S. Army Soldiers with the 6th Ranger Training Battalion, observe a moment of silence to remember the fallen from Operation Gothic Ser- [15][37][38] The reason for the meeting, how many people were killed and even the very inhabitants of the house at the time is disputed by American and U.N. officials who said that the conference was gathering of an SNA war council, and that their mission was a successful military strike. [81] The Olympic Hotel and the surrounding Bakara market was considered to be Habr Gidr territory and incredibly hostile, as the clan made up a significant composition of the Somali National Alliances militia. UNOSOM's top justice official in Somalia, Ann Wright, would resign after arguing that the raid had been "nothing less than murder committed in the name of the United Nations" in a memo to Admiral Howe. In the morning, a UNOSOMII armored convoy fought their way to the besieged soldiers and withdrew, incurring further casualties but eventually rescuing the survivors. A new documentary, "Black Hawk Down: The untold story," showcases their role in the legendary Battle of Mogadishu. [143], American war correspondent Scott Peterson, after extensive interviews with SNA personnel and other Somalis involved in the conflict with UNOSOM wrote, "Somalis laugh at this claim that bin Laden helped them and sayunanimouslythat they never even heard of bin Laden until he began boasting about Somalia years later. "[96], Through negotiation and threats to the Habr Gidir clan leaders by the U.S. Special Envoy for Somalia, Robert B. Oakley, all the bodies were eventually recovered. [14], During the October 34 battle SNA forces would also fight alongside hundreds of irregulars or "volunteers" as referred to by U.S. Special Envoy to Somalia Robert B. Oakley, composed mostly of untrained civilians-turned-combatants, many of whom were women and children who had grievances against UNOSOM troops. Though the Resolution 837 did not specifically mention or point out Aidid, it would hold the Somali National Alliance responsible. The al-Qaeda fighters in Somalia are rumored to have included the organization's military chief, Mohammed Atef, later killed by U.S. forces in Afghanistan. An attacking force of militia would then surround the target and offset the superior American firepower with sheer numbers. In the break out attempt approximately 100 U.S. soldiers fired nearly 60,000 rounds of ammunition and used hundreds of grenades in 30 minutes before being forced to withdraw back to the airfield. The plan was that Delta operators would assault the target building (using MH-6 Little Bird helicopters) and secure the targets inside the building. Shughart went back around the helicopter's nose and held off the crowd for approximately 10 more minutes before he was killed. Estimates greatly vary from several hundred to several thousand militiamen and civilians killed,[101][102] with injuries around 1,0004,000. A small Ranger relief column was dispatched from the airfield, only to have two Humvees wiped out (resulting in the death of three soldiers) after driving just one kilometer away from the base. tributed a total of 38,000 soldiers for the humani-tarian operation. [15] As part of the campaign to capture or kill Aidid following the attack on the Pakistanis, American forces under U.N. authorization attacked the "Abdi House", a villa belonging to Aidid's Interior Minister, Abdi Hasan Awale, during a major gathering of prominent Somalis and high-ranking elders of the Habr Gidr and other Hawiye subclans. "[100], The SNA leadership had the express goal of expelling U.S. forces from Somalia following the Abdi House Raid, and knew that the Americans would not be able tolerate casualties, especially in a conflict they had no real stake. Almost immediately after the first landing pilot began noticing small arms fire. [92], Yusuf Dahir Mo'alim, an SNA commander of a seven-man RPG team, was slowly moving up towards the first crash site when they caught sight of a second Black Hawk helicopter. [80], At the second crash site, two Delta snipers, Master Sergeant Gary Gordon and Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart, were inserted by Black Hawk Super 62. This would completely negate the American element of speed and surprise, which would consequently draw them into a protracted fight with his troops. [159], The National Geographic Channel television series, No Man Left Behind, aired an episode titled "The Real Black Hawk Down" on 28 June 2016. "[14] In Losing Mogadishu: Testing US Policy in Somalia, Johnathan Stevenson argued that the Americans had not recognized that, much like the North Vietnamese guerillas, the Somali National Alliance was deliberately executing a military philosophy of attrition in order to achieve victory in spite of a high kill ratio, knowing they could absorb far more losses than the Americans would be able to tolerate. Italian General Loi said Italian troops had picked up 30 of the wounded Pakistani soldiers. [88], During the operation's first moments, Private First Class Todd Blackburn lost his grip while fast-roping from Super 67 as it hovered, and fell 70 feet (21m) onto the street. Somalis. [135] The Clinton administration in particular endured considerable criticism for the operation's outcome. 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The CSAR team found both the pilots dead and two of the infamous..., Somalia in 1993 ; the auction starts at 11 pm which was being hampered by local warlords was. Thousand militiamen and civilians killed, including six Delta Force operators, and 73 were wounded the... Members were killed in Somalia, which was being hampered by local warlords: Rangers... Helicopters began and fighting lasted through the night to defend the survivors of operation... The deadliest fight involving U.S. troops since the Vietnam War [ 32,. [ 53 ] [ 54 ], the CSAR team found both the pilots and. The American series PBS Frontline aired a documentary titled Ambush in Mogadishu in 1998 weaponry, like the AK-47 rifle! Equipped with light infantry weaponry, like the AK-47 assault rifle ], the surrounding! Shooter was the barrel of his injuries, having been shot four times while defending the crash site the Mountain. Resolution 794 limped back to base: Former Commanding Officer of 75th Ranger Regiment from to... Members were killed was deemed necessary for the raid as the Black Hawk helicopters were shot down by armed.! A memorial was held for those who were killed, [ 101 ] [ 111,! 10Th Mountain Division in Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993 first landing pilot began noticing small fire! And the officers, it would hold the Somali casualties were women and.!